Published evidence library
EU material reference values
Every accepted coefficient is kept on its own row with its original category, unit, denominator and source. Repeated materials are intentional: unlike shares and per-item values must never be collapsed.
316 of 316 reference rows
Critical
Strategic
Not listed
| Material | EU status | Product / fraction category | Published value | Basis | Evidence / use | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 0.6 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Coated HDD magnets | 0.4 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES — Pr, Gd, Ho not reported |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 22.18 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Computer PCB, newer processors | 43.38 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | CRT television PCB (populated) | 48.41 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | used in calculation measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 1 Temperature exchange (category fallback) | 4.04 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 2 Screens & monitors (category fallback) | 4.99 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 3 Lamps (category fallback) | 32.4 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 4 Large equipment (category fallback) | 2.05 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 5 Small equipment (category fallback) | 6.95 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU cat. 6 Small IT & telecom (category fallback) | 2.11 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 1 — Temperature exchangeModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.4 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 2 — Screens and monitorsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.91 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 3 — LampsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 23.8 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 4a — Large equipment (excl. PV)Modelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 2.14 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 4b — Photovoltaic panelsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 11.6 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 5 — Small equipmentModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 7.32 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | EU category 6 — Small IT and telecomModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 2.02 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 1.7 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 5 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | LCD TV signal-processing PCB | 42.98 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | LCD TV signal-reception PCB | 76.47 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Older computer PCB, Pentium 4 or earlier | 40.17 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Older mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 22.81 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Photovoltaic panels (crystalline silicon)Silicon = cell silicon only; silicon bound in glass is not counted. Separate c-Si, CIGS, CdTe and inverters. | 8 wt% | per kg of reference panel | reference only modelled | IRENA / IEA-PVPS 2016, End-of-Life Management: Solar PV Panelscrystalline-silicon reference panel |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Smartphone (complete) | 22.18 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Smartphone PCB after 2008 (populated) | 29.48 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Aluminium Al | Not listed | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 1.39 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | AVX Ta/NbO capacitor, case A (25 mg) | 0.000355 g/item | per capacitor | reference only declaration | AVX capacitor catalogue (legacy)p. 104, 1.7 wt% Sb₂O₃ × 0.83535 — historical formulation |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | AVX Ta/NbO capacitor, case C (137 mg) | 0.002632 g/item | per capacitor | reference only declaration | AVX capacitor catalogue (legacy)p. 104, 2.3 wt% Sb₂O₃ × 0.83535 — historical formulation |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | AVX Ta/NbO capacitor, case D (330 mg) | 0.004135 g/item | per capacitor | reference only declaration | AVX capacitor catalogue (legacy)p. 104, 1.5 wt% Sb₂O₃ × 0.83535 — historical formulation |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | AVX Ta/NbO capacitor, case E (460 mg) | 0.004611 g/item | per capacitor | reference only declaration | AVX capacitor catalogue (legacy)p. 104, 1.2 wt% Sb₂O₃ × 0.83535 — historical formulation |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 1 — Temperature exchangeModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.63 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 2 — Screens and monitorsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 2,040 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 3 — LampsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 70.6 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 4a — Large equipment (excl. PV)Modelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 21.4 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 4b — Photovoltaic panelsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.12 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 5 — Small equipmentModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 22.1 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | EU category 6 — Small IT and telecomModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 112 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.11 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.3 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | Memory-card ICs (separated) | 0.565 wt% | per kg separated ICs | reference only measurement | Buczkó et al. (2024)Table 9, corrected INAA, 3 samples |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 2,900 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.06 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Antimony Sb | Critical | Tantalum capacitors (107A, 100 µF) | 1.6 wt% | per kg capacitors | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)±0.5 wt% |
| Arsenic As | Critical | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.003 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Arsenic As | Critical | Mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 93 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 mobile phones |
| Arsenic As | Critical | Router/modem/hub PCB (populated)below 70 mg/kg | 70 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards10 routers/modems/hubs |
| Arsenic As | Critical | Smartphone PCB (populated) | 141 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | used in calculation measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 smartphones |
| Beryllium Be | Critical | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.01 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Beryllium Be | Critical | Mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 99 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 mobile phones |
| Beryllium Be | Critical | Router/modem/hub PCB (populated) | 0.3 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards10 routers/modems/hubs |
| Beryllium Be | Critical | Smartphone PCB (populated) | 115 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | used in calculation measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 smartphones |
| Bismuth Bi | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.012 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Bismuth Bi | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 278 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Boron (compound-bound) B | Critical Strategic | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 1.1 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Boron (compound-bound) B | Critical Strategic | Coated HDD magnets | 0.9 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES — Pr, Gd, Ho not reported |
| Boron (compound-bound) B | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average)from 3% B₂O₃, compound-bound | 0.932 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Boron (compound-bound) B | Critical Strategic | Memory-card PCB material (ICs removed) | 0.668 wt% | per kg separated PCB material | reference only measurement | Buczkó et al. (2024)Table 2, PGAA, 3 samples |
| Boron (compound-bound) B | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 9,985 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 530 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.00003 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.97 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | LED tube lamp LED12T8 (strip + driver)Component contributions, not a whole-lamp assay. | 0.006 g/item | one lamp, ~200 g (13% strip, 2.2% driver) | reference only measured | Golzar-Ahmadi & Holuszko 2026Table 2 (Ga by alkaline fusion; others four-acid digestion) |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 60 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Cerium Ce | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.00003 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | BPW34 photodiodes (prepared) | 2.06 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 1 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Coated HDD magnets | 0.5 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES — Pr, Gd, Ho not reported |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 5.38 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.072 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Laptop Li-ion cylindrical cellApplies to the studied cell only; needs cells per pack and share of laptops with battery. | 10.3 g/item | one cell, 39.7 g | used in calculation measured | Omura et al. 2010composition analysis of PC battery cells |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.01 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Laptop six-cell pack | 15.8 wt% | per kg pack (49.82 g/pack) | used in calculation published | Charles et al. (2020)Table 5 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | LCO cell | 18.26 wt% | per kg LCO cell | used in calculation published | FutuRaM battery composition V3 (2026)LCO profile, derived |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Notebook incl. battery and display | 65 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 91.4 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Phone battery cell | 19.44 wt% | per kg cell (4.17 g/cell) | used in calculation published | Charles et al. (2020)Table 5 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Photoresistors (prepared) | 8.691 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Phototransistors (prepared) | 5.11 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 5.38 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.04 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Used mobile-phone LCD screens (prepared) | 2.462 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Cobalt Co | Critical Strategic | Used TV LED-screen matrix (prepared) | 1.561 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 15.12 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Computer PCB, newer processors | 261.46 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | CRT television PCB (populated) | 84.08 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | used in calculation measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 19.3 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 1 Temperature exchange (category fallback) | 4.29 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 2 Screens & monitors (category fallback) | 2.65 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 3 Lamps (category fallback) | 2.84 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 4 Large equipment (category fallback) | 1.73 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 5 Small equipment (category fallback) | 5.22 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 6 Small IT & telecom (category fallback) | 3.37 wt% | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 1 — Temperature exchangeModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.46 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 2 — Screens and monitorsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 2.38 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 3 — LampsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 3.66 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 4a — Large equipment (excl. PV)Modelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 1.98 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 4b — Photovoltaic panelsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.679 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 5 — Small equipmentModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 4.53 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | EU category 6 — Small IT and telecomModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 3.66 wt% | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Feature-phone PCB | 32 wt% | per kg prepared PCB | reference only published | Jandric et al. (2026)median, 45 phones 1998–2021 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Feature-phone PCB fraction | 21.8 wt% | per kg PCB fraction | reference only measurement | Gómez et al. (2023)15 phones, early 2000s–2015 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Laptop Li-ion cylindrical cellApplies to the studied cell only; needs cells per pack and share of laptops with battery. | 4.62 g/item | one cell, 39.7 g | used in calculation measured | Omura et al. 2010composition analysis of PC battery cells |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 19 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | LCD TV signal-processing PCB | 264.9 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | LCD TV signal-reception PCB | 190.2 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | LED tube lamp LED12T8 (strip + driver)Component contributions, not a whole-lamp assay. | 4.38 g/item | one lamp, ~200 g (13% strip, 2.2% driver) | reference only measured | Golzar-Ahmadi & Holuszko 2026Table 2 (Ga by alkaline fusion; others four-acid digestion) |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 34 wt% | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 mobile phones |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Multimedia-phone PCB fraction | 29.5 wt% | per kg PCB fraction | reference only measurement | Gómez et al. (2023)15 phones, early 2000s–2015 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Older computer PCB, Pentium 4 or earlier | 179.53 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Older mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 293.72 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Photovoltaic panels (crystalline silicon)Silicon = cell silicon only; silicon bound in glass is not counted. Separate c-Si, CIGS, CdTe and inverters. | 1 wt% | per kg of reference panel | reference only modelled | IRENA / IEA-PVPS 2016, End-of-Life Management: Solar PV Panelscrystalline-silicon reference panel |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR PC2100 128 MB (Samsung) | 3.8 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 8 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR2 PC2-6400 2 GB (Kingston) | 5.08 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 14 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR3 PC3-8500 2 GB (Samsung) | 4.76 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 15 — historical, not for DDR4/DDR5 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | RAM module SDR PC100 32 MB (Discovery) | 2.67 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 4 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Router/modem/hub PCB (populated) | 22 wt% | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards10 routers/modems/hubs |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 15.12 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB | 59.5 wt% | per kg prepared PCB | used in calculation published | Jandric et al. (2026)median |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB (populated) | 40 wt% | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 smartphones |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB after 2008 (populated) | 428.46 g/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB fraction (Gómez) | 32.2 wt% | per kg PCB fraction | reference only measurement | Gómez et al. (2023)15 phones, early 2000s–2015 |
| Copper Cu | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 43.35 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Dysprosium Dy | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 1,310 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Dysprosium Dy | Critical Strategic | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 1.3 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Dysprosium Dy | Critical Strategic | Coated HDD magnets | 1.3 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES — Pr, Gd, Ho not reported |
| Dysprosium Dy | Critical Strategic | Notebook incl. battery and display | 0.06 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Erbium Er | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 230 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Europium Eu | Not listed | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.0001 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Europium Eu | Not listed | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.67 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Europium Eu | Not listed | LCD monitor, CCFL backlight | 0.0012 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Europium Eu | Not listed | LCD TV, CCFL backlight | 0.0081 g/item | per device | reference only published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Europium Eu | Not listed | Smartphone (complete) | 0.0001 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Gadolinium Gd | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 150 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Gadolinium Gd | Not listed | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 1.2 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Gadolinium Gd | Not listed | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.0002 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Gadolinium Gd | Not listed | LCD TV, LED backlight | 0.0023 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Gadolinium Gd | Not listed | Smartphone (complete) | 0.0002 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Blue LED | 0.000021 g/item | per LED | reference only measurement | Gassmann et al. (2016)17–25 µg, technology-specific |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.0004 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.016 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 1 — Temperature exchangeModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.0527 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 2 — Screens and monitorsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 2.65 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 3 — LampsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 5.58 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 4a — Large equipment (excl. PV)Modelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.0363 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 4b — Photovoltaic panelsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 1.69 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 5 — Small equipmentModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.0842 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | EU category 6 — Small IT and telecomModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 6.46 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Ga-rich isolated fractionup to 35 wt% | 35 wt% | per kg enriched fraction | reference only measurement | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)thermal pretreatment + manual separation |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.001 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | LCD TV, LED backlight | 0.0049 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | LED tube lamp LED12T8 (strip + driver)Component contributions, not a whole-lamp assay. | 0.01175 g/item | one lamp, ~200 g (13% strip, 2.2% driver) | reference only measured | Golzar-Ahmadi & Holuszko 2026Table 2 (Ga by alkaline fusion; others four-acid digestion) |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | RF amplifier chip | 0.0011 g/item | per chip | reference only measurement | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)0.9–1.3 mg Ga per chip; chip family must be identified |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.0004 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Gallium Ga | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.04 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | BPW34 photodiodes (prepared) | 0.15 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.0068 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | Photoresistors (prepared) | 2.59 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | Phototransistors (prepared) | 0.231 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | Used mobile-phone LCD screens (prepared) | 0.062 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Germanium Ge | Critical Strategic | Used TV LED-screen matrix (prepared) | 0.06 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Hafnium Hf | Critical | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm10.4 in one method, not detected in another — method-dependent | 10.4 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Holmium Ho | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 150 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Holmium Ho | Not listed | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 0.7 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Iridium Ir | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 40 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Lanthanum La | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 20 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Lanthanum La | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.059 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Lanthanum La | Critical Strategic | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 1.47 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Lanthanum La | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 55.7 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Lanthanum La | Critical Strategic | Pre-treated WEEE PCB fines < 0.25 mmCompany I, > 2,000 | 2,000 mg/kg | per kg fine fraction | reference only measurement | Gonzalez Baez et al. (2022)three UK recyclers; REE analytical recovery 56–89% |
| Lithium Li | Critical Strategic | Laptop Li-ion cylindrical cellApplies to the studied cell only; needs cells per pack and share of laptops with battery. | 1.38 g/item | one cell, 39.7 g | used in calculation measured | Omura et al. 2010composition analysis of PC battery cells |
| Lithium Li | Critical Strategic | LCO cell | 2.265 wt% | per kg LCO cell | used in calculation published | FutuRaM battery composition V3 (2026)LCO profile, derived |
| Lithium Li | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.08 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Magnesium Mg | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 5.54 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Magnesium Mg | Critical Strategic | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.19 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Magnesium Mg | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average)from 0.35% MgO, compound-bound | 0.211 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Magnesium Mg | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 5.54 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Magnesium Mg | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.07 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | BPW34 photodiodes (prepared) | 14.53 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.172 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.75 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Photoresistors (prepared) | 195.4 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Phototransistors (prepared) | 44.53 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.17 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Used mobile-phone LCD screens (prepared) | 15.62 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Manganese Mn | Critical Strategic | Used TV LED-screen matrix (prepared) | 9.54 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Air conditioner magnet (UNU 0111)Magnet mass 152 g; requires equipped-item share | 34.66 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 3,660 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 16.6 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Coated HDD magnets | 19.9 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES — Pr, Gd, Ho not reported |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.05 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.66 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Dishwasher magnet (UNU 0102)Magnet mass 35 g; requires equipped-item share | 7.98 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Dryer magnet (UNU 0105)Magnet mass 102 g; requires equipped-item share | 23.26 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 1 Temperature exchange (category fallback) | 0.176 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 2 Screens & monitors (category fallback) | 386 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 3 Lamps (category fallback) | 2.48 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 4 Large equipment (category fallback) | 181 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 5 Small equipment (category fallback) | 97.2 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU cat. 6 Small IT & telecom (category fallback) | 305 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 1 — Temperature exchangeModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.183 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 2 — Screens and monitorsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 371 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 3 — LampsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 1.93 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 4a — Large equipment (excl. PV)Modelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 276 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 4b — Photovoltaic panelsModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 0.0107 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 5 — Small equipmentModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 114 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | EU category 6 — Small IT and telecomModelled category mixture; last-resort screening value | 326 mg/kg | per kg of category mass | screening only modelled | E-waste Statistics Guidelines 2026Annex 7, Table 26 (2024 composition at waste generation) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Flat-panel monitor magnet (UNU 0309)Magnet mass 3.95 g; requires equipped-item share | 0.651 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Flat-panel TV magnet (UNU 0408)Magnet mass 11.48 g; requires equipped-item share | 2.061 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | HDD actuator magnets (3½-inch) | 11.4 g/item | per hard drive | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)11.4 ± 0.3 g |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | HDD magnet (3½-inch) | 34.9 wt% | per kg magnet alloy (11.4 g/HDD) | reference only published | Charles et al. (2020)Table 5 |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Household washing machine | 3 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Washing-machine ecodesign draft (13 June 2025)≈10 g NdFeB magnets per average machine |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Notebook incl. battery and display | 2.1 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Phone speaker magnet | 0.133 g/item | per magnet | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)133 ± 3 mg |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Pre-treated WEEE PCB fines < 0.25 mmCompany II (network switches), > 4,000 | 4,000 mg/kg | per kg fine fraction | reference only measurement | Gonzalez Baez et al. (2022)three UK recyclers; REE analytical recovery 56–89% |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Printer magnet (UNU 0304)Magnet mass 15 g; requires equipped-item share | 3.42 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Refrigerator magnet (UNU 0108)Magnet mass 112.5 g; requires equipped-item share | 25.65 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.05 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.26 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Vacuum cleaner magnet (UNU 0204)Magnet mass 16.8 g; requires equipped-item share | 3.83 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Neodymium Nd | Critical Strategic | Washing machine magnet (UNU 0104)Magnet mass 130 g; requires equipped-item share | 29.64 g/item | per item equipped with the published magnet | used in calculation modelled | Van Nielen et al. 2023, Towards neodymium recyclingTable 1 (magnet mass × Nd concentration) |
| Nickel Ni | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 3.46 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Nickel Ni | Critical Strategic | Feature-phone PCB (prepared) | 2.8 wt% | per kg prepared PCB | reference only measurement | Jandric et al. (2026)median, phones 1998–2021 |
| Nickel Ni | Critical Strategic | Laptop Li-ion cylindrical cellApplies to the studied cell only; needs cells per pack and share of laptops with battery. | 0.236 g/item | one cell, 39.7 g | used in calculation measured | Omura et al. 2010composition analysis of PC battery cells |
| Nickel Ni | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.6 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Nickel Ni | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB (prepared) | 5.7 wt% | per kg prepared PCB | used in calculation measurement | Jandric et al. (2026)median, phones 1998–2021 |
| Niobium Nb | Critical | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.0053 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Niobium Nb | Critical | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.03 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Camera PCB, removed components | 40 mg/kg | per kg SMD fraction | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)approx. |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 1,050 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.01 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Computer PCB, newer processors | 5.98 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | CRT television PCB (populated)reported 0.00 — not detected, not proof of absence | 0 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.048 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Feature-phone PCB | 101 mg/kg | per kg prepared PCB | reference only published | Jandric et al. (2026)median |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Integrated circuits (lighting) | 37 mg/kg | per kg ICs | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2025)range 0–74 mg/kg; Pt below quantification |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.02 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD main-PCB, removed components | 140 mg/kg | per kg SMD fraction | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)approx. |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD monitor, CCFL backlight | 0.04 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD TV signal-processing PCB | 7.53 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD TV signal-reception PCB | 25.99 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD TV, CCFL backlight | 0.044 g/item | per device | reference only published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | LCD TV, LED backlight | 0.044 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Mobile-phone PCB (populated) | 119 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 mobile phones |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Mobile-phone PCB, removed components | 660 mg/kg | per kg SMD fraction | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)approx. |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | MP3-player PCB, removed components | 110 mg/kg | per kg SMD fraction | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)approx. |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Notebook incl. battery and display | 0.04 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Older computer PCB, Pentium 4 or earlier | 31.49 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Older mobile-phone PCB (populated)reported 0.00 — not detected, not proof of absence | 0 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 147.5 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR PC2100 128 MB (Samsung) | 0.00169 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 8 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR2 PC2-6400 2 GB (Kingston) | 0.000399 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 14 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | RAM module DDR3 PC3-8500 2 GB (Samsung) | 0.00058 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 15 — historical, not for DDR4/DDR5 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | RAM module SDR PC100 32 MB (Discovery) | 0.00149 g/item | per module | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2017)Tables 1–2, sample 4 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Router/modem/hub PCB (populated) | 20 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards10 routers/modems/hubs |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.01 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB | 24 mg/kg | per kg prepared PCB | used in calculation published | Jandric et al. (2026)median |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB (populated) | 55 mg/kg | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Holgersson et al. (2018) Analysis of the metal content of small-size WEEE printed circuit boards30 smartphones |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB after 2008 (populated) | 61.7 g/t | per kg populated PCB | reference only measurement | Anić Vučinić et al. (2020)Table 2, ~28 kg per sample, Croatian recycler |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.08 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Palladium Pd | Critical Strategic | Studied phone PCB material (all generations) | 98 g/t | per tonne PCB material | reference only model | Gómez et al. (2023)composition-based extrapolation, not measured recovery |
| Phosphorus P | Critical | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 1,115 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Platinum Pt | Critical Strategic | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 3.5 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Platinum Pt | Critical Strategic | Studied phone PCB material (all generations) | 38 g/t | per tonne PCB material | reference only model | Gómez et al. (2023)composition-based extrapolation, not measured recovery |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 90 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Coated electric-scooter magnets | 3.5 wt% | per kg magnet incl. coating | reference only measurement | Couto et al. (2024)Table 3, ICP-OES |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.01 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.07 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Notebook incl. battery and display | 0.27 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.01 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Praseodymium Pr | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.06 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Rare earths, combined REE | Not listed | Studied phone PCB material (all generations)combined rare earths — not split into elements | 11,100 g/t | per tonne PCB material | reference only model | Gómez et al. (2023)composition-based extrapolation, not measured recovery |
| Ruthenium Ru | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 210 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Ruthenium Ru | Not listed | Resistor RHC2512 (thick film) | 0.00032 g/item | per resistor (44.1 mg) | reference only declaration | Stackpole Electronics declaration (2013)RuO₂ 0.4219 mg → Ru |
| Samarium Sm | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 50 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Si Si | Critical Strategic | Photovoltaic panels (crystalline silicon)Silicon = cell silicon only; silicon bound in glass is not counted. Separate c-Si, CIGS, CdTe and inverters. | 5 wt% | per kg of reference panel | reference only modelled | IRENA / IEA-PVPS 2016, End-of-Life Management: Solar PV Panelscrystalline-silicon reference panel |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | BPW34 photodiodes (prepared) | 61.85 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.37 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.04 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | used in calculation model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 735.5 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Photoresistors (prepared) | 19.68 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Phototransistors (prepared) | 73.17 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Used mobile-phone LCD screens (prepared) | 570.6 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Strontium Sr | Critical | Used TV LED-screen matrix (prepared) | 145.5 mg/kg | per kg prepared material | reference only measurement | Willner et al. (2021)Table 6 — possible Ge loss in aqua-regia digestion |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.02 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Desktop mainboard PCB | 1.6 g/kg | per kg PCB | used in calculation published | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)PCB Ta incl. mounted components |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.27 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 1 Temperature exchange (category fallback) | 0.0159 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 2 Screens & monitors (category fallback) | 35.5 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 3 Lamps (category fallback) | 5.68 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 4 Large equipment (category fallback) | 0.126 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 5 Small equipment (category fallback) | 1.33 g/t | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | EU cat. 6 Small IT & telecom (category fallback) | unknown | per kg of category mass | used in calculation model | FutuRaM consolidated WEEE composition (2025 BAU)aggregated elemental rows, collection-category level |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Laptop PCB (assumed average) | 0.58 wt% | per kg laptop PCB | reference only model | JRC (2016) Feasibility study on recyclability/recoverability reference valuesTable 20, p. 69 — source totals 95.13%, not normalised |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Notebook (Ta, alternative) | 1 g/item | per device | reference only published | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)investigated products |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Notebook incl. battery and display | 1.7 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Notebook PCB | 8 g/kg | per kg PCB | used in calculation published | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)almost 8 g/kg |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Smartphone (complete) | 0.02 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Tantalum Ta | Critical | Smartphone PCB | 1.5 g/kg | per kg PCB | used in calculation published | Ueberschaar et al. (2017)approx. |
| Terbium Tb | Critical Strategic | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 0.48 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Terbium Tb | Critical Strategic | LCD TV, CCFL backlight | 0.0023 g/item | per device | reference only published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Terbium Tb | Critical Strategic | LED tube lamp LED12T8 (strip + driver)Component contributions, not a whole-lamp assay. | 0.00239 g/item | one lamp, ~200 g (13% strip, 2.2% driver) | reference only measured | Golzar-Ahmadi & Holuszko 2026Table 2 (Ga by alkaline fusion; others four-acid digestion) |
| Tungsten W | Critical Strategic | Complete smartphone (historical average)Alternative to the component build-up for 6B — use one route, never both. | 0.44 g/item | whole phone incl. battery, ~160 g | used in calculation modelled | JRC 2020, Material efficiency: smartphones (after Manhart et al.)Table 18 |
| Tungsten W | Critical Strategic | Detached phone-PCB components | 0.22 wt% | per kg detached components | reference only measurement | Gorewoda et al. (2020)Table 1 (12 kg from 50 kg boards) |
| Tungsten W | Critical Strategic | Smartphone (complete) | 0.44 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | JRC (2020) Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Smartphones, after Manhart et al. 2016Table 18, p. 61 |
| Tungsten W | Critical Strategic | Smartphone PCB incl. magnets (pooled, 2012–2020) | 0.09 wt% | per kg pooled PCB material | reference only measurement | Cenci et al. (2025)Table 1, 40 phones, ICP-OES — alternative 6B profile, only for boards with magnets |
| Vanadium V | Critical | PCB comminution fines < 75 µm | 28.15 mg/kg | per kg fines | reference only measurement | Ogunniyi et al. (2009)Table 2 — spans are digestion methods, not device variation |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | Ceramic capacitors (MLCC, lighting) | 2,200 mg/kg | per kg MLCC fraction | reference only measurement | Sideris et al. (2023)Tables 2–3, ICP-OES |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | Fluorescent-lamp phosphor powder < 125 µm | 10.1 wt% | per kg phosphor residue | reference only measurement | Pateli et al. (2020)needs the powder share of whole lamps before use |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | Laptop CCFL tube | 0.013 g/item | per tube | reference only measurement | Charles et al. (2020)13 ± 0.1 mg |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | LCD monitor, CCFL backlight | 0.016 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | LCD TV, CCFL backlight | 0.11 g/item | per device | reference only published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | LCD TV, LED backlight | 0.0048 g/item | per device | used in calculation published | Öko-Institut (2012) Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipmentTables 12, 13, 23 |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | LED tube lamp LED12T8 (strip + driver)Component contributions, not a whole-lamp assay. | 0.00887 g/item | one lamp, ~200 g (13% strip, 2.2% driver) | reference only measured | Golzar-Ahmadi & Holuszko 2026Table 2 (Ga by alkaline fusion; others four-acid digestion) |
| Yttrium Y | Not listed | Pre-treated WEEE PCB fines < 0.25 mmCompany III, > 300 | 300 mg/kg | per kg fine fraction | reference only measurement | Gonzalez Baez et al. (2022)three UK recyclers; REE analytical recovery 56–89% |